Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter indicates the ideas, also the history, relevant to the experiment to provide information and further elaborate different standpoints that were the foundation of the proposed study, also on the background study of the different methods and concepts used by other researchers that applies to the present study. In order to develop new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the study.The main purpose of this chapter is to identify and review theories on steam engine and to identify the deficiencies of those theories. Related Literature In general usage, the term ‘steam’ is the invisible vapor into which water is converted when it boils. On the contrary, it is the cloud of water droplets formed by the partial condensation of this vapor as it is cooled. [1] Steam is the technical term for ‘water vapor’, the gaseous phase of water . Since it is a vapor, it is logical that the density of steam is much less than that of water because the steam molecules are further apart from one another.The space immediately above the water surface thus becomes filled with less dense steam molecules. Water vapor that includes water droplets is described as wet steam. As wet steam is heated further, the droplets evaporate, and at a high enough temperature (which depends on the pressure) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor-liquid equilibrium. [2] Steam has many uses. In agriculture, it is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health. The steam is used to sterilize the soil in open fields and/or greenhouses.Pests of plant cultures such as weeds, bacteria, fungi and viruses are killed through induced hot steam which causes their cell structure to physically degenerate. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. It also has a large contributi on of making our lives better at home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. While about 90% of all electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines. 3] In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants. [4] In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes.Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water 's high heat of vaporization. Steam is also an effective lifting gas, providing approximately 60% as much lift as helium and twice as much as hot air. It is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, and is cheap and abundant, unlike helium. The required heat, however, leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope. There are many examples in which steam is used. It is used for piping in utility lines. It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels.Steam is used in the process of wood bending, killing insects and increasing plasticity. An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization. Steam is used to accentuate drying especially in prefabricates. It is also used in cleaning of fibers, sometimes prior to painting. Other examples are already mentioned while tackling steam’s uses. Despite of all its uses, steam can also be danger ous. A steam explosion is formed when water comes to contact in contact with a very hot substance (e. . , lava, molten metal). These explosions have been responsible for many foundry accidents. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external combustion engines. [5] where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. Water turns to steam in a boiler and reaches a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done.The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed, and it is pumped back into the boiler. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world. (see fig. 1)[6] Some practical steam engines discard the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. Fig. 1 The Rankine cycle There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the boiler or steam generator, and the â€Å"motor unit†, referred to itself as a â€Å"steam engine†.Stationary steam engines in fixed buildings may have the two parts in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as steam locomotives, the two are mounted together. Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporization, and super heaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapor point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes.When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox. The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, mos t commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor or geothermal energy.While boilers are pressure vessels that contain water to be boiled and some kind of mechanism for transferring the heat to the water so as to boil it. A motor unit takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical work. A motor unit is often called ‘steam engine' in its own right. They will also operate on compressed air or other gas. Steam Engine has its own advantages especially to our present world.The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work, unlike the internal combustion engine. Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as they are not adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure. This was inadvertently discovered when steam locomotives operated at high altitudes in the mountains of South America were replaced by diesel-electric units of equivalent sea level power. These were quickly replaced by much more powerful locomotives capable of producing sufficient power at high altitude.For road vehicles, steam propulsion has the advantage of having high torque from stationary, removing the need for a clutch and transmission, though start-up time and sufficiently compact packaging remain a problem. Steam Engine’s now applied to many useful things. Very low power engines are used to power models and toys, and specialty applications such as the steam clock. Winding engines, rolling mill engines, steam donkeys (See figure 2) [7], marine engines, and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse. Engines providing power, which rarely stop and do not need to r everse.These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that were used in pumping stations, mills, factories and to power cable railways and cable tramways before the widespread use of electric power. Fig. 2 Steam donkey Steam engines have been used to power a wide array of transport appliances. Examples are steamboat, steamship, steam yacht, steam locomotive, fireless locomotive, traction engine, steam tractor, steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car, steam roller, steam shovel, steam tank (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult, even steam rocket.The Corliss steam engine, a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves, was called the most significant advance in the steam engine since James Watt. In addition to using 30% less steam it provided more uniform speed, making is well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. [8] On another hand, in Ancient Greece when girls were not at school and boys were not working, they played ball games with inflated pig’s bladders. Roman children played with wooden or clay dolls and hoops. Toys changed little through the centuries. In the 16th century children still layed with wooden dolls. Before the 20th century, children had few toys and those they did have were precious. Furthermore, children did not have much time to play. Only a minority went to school but most children were expected to help their parents doing simple jobs around the house or in the fields. Egyptian children played similar games to the ones children play today. They also played with toys like dolls, toy soldiers, wooden animals, ball, marbles, spinning tops and knucklebones (which were thrown like dice). In the 19th century, middle class girls played with wood or porcelain dolls.They also had doll houses, model shops and skipping ropes. Boys played with toys like marbles and toy soldiers as well as toy trains. (Some toy trains had working engines fuelled by methylated s pirits). They also played with toy boats. During World War II most toy factories were turned over to war production. However in the late 20th century with the arrival of an affluent society plastic and metal toys became much cheaper and much more common. Many new toys were invented in the 20th century. A model car or toy is a miniature representation of an automobile.Other miniature motor vehicles such as trucks, buses, or even ATV’s, etc. , are often included in the general category of model cars. Because many were originally sold as playthings, there is no precise difference between a model car and a toy car, yet the collector hobby became popular in the 1960’s and precision detailed miniatures made specifically for adults are an increasing part of the market. Toys as a â€Å"big business† did not begin until after the 1830’s, when steamboats and steam trains improved the transportation and distribution of manufactured goods.Early toymakers used wood, t in, or cast iron to fashion horses, soldiers, wagons, and other simple toys. Miniature models of automobiles first appeared as slush cast plaster or iron toys made in the early decades of the 1900’s. Tin and pressed steel cars, trucks, and military vehicles followed in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Casting vehicles in various alloys, usually zinc (called zamac or mazac), also started during these decades and came on strong particularly after World War II. Post war, the zinc alloy vehicles became ever more popular in Europe in particular.While die-cast metal cars were either large scale collectors type or smaller consumer â€Å"Matchbox† type-toys are made of metal and plastic, the metal used commonly is Zamak (or Mazak), an alloy of zinc and aluminum[9], these were seen in America and they were often simple, while plastics also surged and became prominent. Tin and pressed steel came to Japan, rather late, during the 1950’s and 1960’s, and that coun try quickly moved into die-cast by the 1970’s. Today, China, and other countries of Southeast Asia are the main producers of die-cast metal European, American, and Japanese companies. 10] Many model cars were not intended either for toys or for collecting. As early as the 1930’s and perhaps earlier, the manufacturers of real automobiles would design and construct scale and full-sized models to plan new products or promote the company. Sometimes styling or concept models were made out of wood or clay. Models could also be precise replicas crafted out of the same materials as the real vehicle. As time went by, some companies even made their own models or toys attracting the next generation to their products.Scale miniatures were actually made for children and for them to have an idea on how to make better miniatures or design, the researcher can make use of plastic, die-cast metal, resin, and even wood. What ever materials are used, the finished product would be a succes s if a great idea or design was made. By the mid-1960’s, plastic model kits had become more plentiful and varied with increased level of detail. Typically, the kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts. The mid-1960’s is generally considered the â€Å"golden age† of plastic model car kits.In addition to building them stock, most annual kits offered â€Å"3-in-1† versions which allowed the builder to assemble the car in stock, custom, or racing form. Interest in model car kits began to wane in the mid-1970’s as a result of builders growing older and moving on to their pursuits. New model specific magazines sprang up, such as Scale Auto Enthusiast, (now simply Scale Auto) and Model Cars Magazine. These magazines spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought modelers together from all across the country. Today, many of the classic models from the golden age of modeling have been reissued.Not only does this allow m odelers to build the cars the always wanted (but couldn’t obtain or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950’s and 1960’s have been issued with all-new tooling, which allows for even more detailing made possible with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. Today, model car companies are still in business, fueled by a renewed interest in model car building and collecting. Modelers today can make advantage of modern technology, which includes photo etched details, dhesive chrome foil for chrome trim, wiring for engine, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can take a basic kit and detail it so it resembles a real car, in miniature. The internet has also fueled a growing modeling community through websites, online forums and bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally. Related Studies When referring to technology today, many people automat ically think that the referral is in regards to computers, the Internet and Information Technology.Technology such as steam locomotion, the creation of the printing press and space travel, are all considered major forms of technology that have affected society and culture throughout history. All these technologies have huge impacts on society and culture. In considering the fact that shortly before the steam engine was invented, the favorite mode of travel was horse and buggy. The advantages brought by the steam engine immediately became apparent. Those advantages were not only available to individuals wishing for travel, but the transportation of goods to the marketplace had probably even more impact.Steam engine technology became a very important cog in the societal wheel of progress, moving passengers and cargo quickly and efficiently throughout the world, especially in Europe. Towns near railway stations quickly grew as people and companies wished to be near the easy side. The e ffect then of steam engine technology was to bring great distances much closer together while at the same time making goods and services more available and less expensive. Though other forms of transportation now overshadow steam locomotion it still has much influence over citizens’ lives.Sometimes the impact can be negative, especially as the railroad grew more aged and brittle. Steam has been used for projects like steam airships. According to Thomas J. Goodey, â€Å"The idea of using steam (H2O in its vapor phase) as LTA lift gas – either for a balloon or an airship – has been suggested many times. These suggestions all appear to have remained merely theoretical, although several were quite detailed. It appears that no full-scale trials, or even experiments, have ever been performed. Yet the idea of using steam as lift gas is attractive, although there are some obvious difficulties. [11] Obviously the non-rigid steam airship does not have the potential to di splace the helium airship in every application. However the researcher thought that it will have its niche. Specifically, the researcher thought that a steam airship would be able to satisfy the demands that hot-air airships try to satisfy but fail. The project though did not succeed. The low cost and the convenience in ground handling of a Steam Airship will, in this restricted operational context, more than compensate for its deficiencies. The group of researchers then tried to find another external site where steam is being used to make something work.And we found this project wherein it shows how steam engine is constructed. Quoted from the project, â€Å"From the Research and development perspective, I have done much research on the topic of Flash Steam Engines and have seen applications where flash boiler's power live steam engines. But these devices are not flash steam engines. Since the steam does not actually flash in the engine's combustion chamber (or cylinder). Instead the steam will flash in the boiler device and reaches the engine as common live steam. Hence there is no real innovation in these devices. And quite frankly a live steam engine leaves much to be desired.In terms of efficiency and operating characteristics, many things may be improved in the way of valve gear. But in the end all you have is a live steam. † [12] The researcher of that project also gave recommendations and gave emphasis to things that should be remembered. Direct Injection is the preferred method used to run these types of engines. The DI valve that's used in the applications features a variable lift mechanism, this is necessary in order to throttle such engines. Initially very high pressure and or supercritical steam/water were injected into the engines. This did in fact work, but is not considered user friendly.High pressures are still used for the injected water, such as 2000psi hydrostatic pressure, derived from a pump, this is needed to maintain high rpm eng ine speed, the injected water does not contain super-critical energies, but is heated somewhat, such as to 400 °f. [13] Another project said that if wood will be used as the major component, it should be noted that even if a boiler is built, the engine probably wouldn't work well. In the presence of steam the wood would swell and warp causing problems. A simple solution to this problem would be to replace the wood parts with aluminum ones. [14]Over the years, steam locomotives have become a very popular image in representation of trains. Many toy trains based on steam locomotives are made, thereby making the image iconic with trains to children. Steam Engines are still around, and they are in wide use, but most take the form of the steam turbine engine. The steam turbine is responsible for generating about 86% of the electric power used on this planet. That probably is a qualifier for current use. Steam engines, either the piston or turbine type, are used on most big ships, and th ere are still a few steam locomotives about. [15]As for toy cars, they continue to evolve in many ways, from battery powered, to ones that use renewable energy, such as solar, water. Synthesis In this chapter, it has been discussed on how steam engines work, including the many fundamental methods used. It discussed what steam is and how it became very useful to our society today. It defined steam engine. It is also stated in this chapter different advantage and disadvantages of steam engine, how it is being done and its different applications. It discussed the history of toys, how it emerged from wooden dolls to our present high-technology dolls, toy cars, etc.Lastly, the chapter also summarizes all of the studies and findings of different researchers regarding steam and steam engines. Definition of Terms Aluminum. Aluminium or aluminum (US English) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface.Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. [4] The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Atmospheric pressure. It is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in Earth’s atmosphere. Boiler. It is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exists the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. Electricity. It is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.Fuel. Is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Heat. In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems are at different temperatures. Helium. Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4. 002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. It is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable universe Internal combustion engine. It is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and pressure gas produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as p istons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. Locomotive.It is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. It was first used in the early 19th century to distinguish between mobile and stationary steam engines. Machine. It manages power to accomplish a task. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work. Methylated spirits. It is a mixture of Ethyl alcohol (95%) and methyl alcohol (5%). The methyl alcohol is poisonous and is added to prevent the methylated spirits being used as cheap drinking alcohol. Miniature. It is a model, copy, or similar representation on a very small scale.Model car. Also referred to as ‘toy car’. It is a miniature representation of an automobile. Pipe. It is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow; liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. Piston. It is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas, compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod.In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall. Pressure. It is an effect that occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area. Rankine Cycle. It is a cycle that converts heat into work wherein the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water.This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath. The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. Steam. It is the technical term for water vapor, the gaseous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In common language it is often used to refer to the visible mist of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the presence of cooler air. Steam boat.It is also called, steamship or steamer. It is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steam donkey. Steam donkey, or donkey engine is the common nickname for a steam-powered winch, or logging engine widely used in past logging operations, though not limited to logging. They were also found in the mining, maritime, and nearly any other industry that needed a powered winch. Steam engine. Is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are typically external c ombustion engines.Steam Locomotive. It is a locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. The locomotive is usually fueled by a coal, wood, or oil. This fuel is burned to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind. Steam turbine engine. It is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Toy train. It is a toy that represents a train.A toy train can be as simple as a pull toy that does not even run on track, or it might be operated by clockwork or a battery. Turbine. It is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. Valve. It is a device that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing v arious passageways. Water. It is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Zamak.Is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The name zamak is an acronym of the German names for the metals of which the alloys are composed (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper). Notes 1 Noah Webster, â€Å"The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language†, Lexicon Publications, Inc. , 2004, ISBN 0-7172-4692-2 2 Singh, R Paul, â€Å"Introduction to Food Engineering. †, 2001 Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2. 3 Wiser, Wendell H. â€Å"Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use. †, 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. Carl Bevelhymer, â€Å"Steam†, Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003 5 â€Å"American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition ed. )†. Houghton Miffl in Company. 2000. 6 Wiser, Wendell H. â€Å"Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use. †, 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. 7 December 12, 2011, 1st paragraph â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steam_donkey† 8 Thomson, Ross â€Å"Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United Sates 1790-1865†, 2009. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 13:978-0-8018-9141-0. â€Å"http://www. ehow. com/how_6319749_make-diecast-model-car-kits. html† 10 â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Model_car† 11 â€Å"http://www. flyingkettle. com/index. html† 12 December 15, 2011, 5th paragraph, â€Å"http://www. flashsteam. com/Steam_Engine_Project. htm† 13 December 18, 2011, 1st paragraph, Jeremy W. Holmes, American Corn Burner Co. Miami, FL. USA â€Å"http://www. flashsteam. com/steam_proj3. htm† 14 â€Å"http://www. instructables. com/id/A-Simple-Steam-Engine-An yone-Can-Build/† 15 December 17, 2011, 1st paragraph, â€Å"http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Are_steam_engines_still_being_used#ixzz1aGnnptps†

Humanity Case Essay

Humanity.   Perhaps this is the only word that can explain the strange comings and goings of the man from Nazareth, called Jesus.   â€Å"The Lost Tomb of Jesus,† aired March 3, on the Discovery Channel, an amazing piece of documentary.   In the city of Jerusalem, in the midst of an apartment complex, was found a place of burial.   Perhaps the burial place of, Mary Magdalene, her son Judah, and two brothers-in-law, Simon and James.   Were these the relatives of Jesus the Christ, in the scheme of things the question seems to be irrelevant. Humanity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there is great emphasis placed on the Christ, the Messiah.   Very few people seem interested at all in Jesus’ humanity.   People are offended at the thought that Jesus may have deigned to have been with a woman, much less married to a whore.   Yet this is the very story told in Hosea.   God’s unquestioning love of even, maybe most especially, one who would be unfaithful.   It seems to me of all of Jesus’ disciples, Mary is the one who ‘got it.’   Only an outcast could truly understand the message of Christ.   To be offered kindness, when only suffering has come at the hands of man, is an indescribable miracle.   How Mary must have loved this man, Jesus.   The Divine, the Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jesus’ humanity is controversial.   And I don’t know why.   If Jesus was not fully human, how could God come to know what it is to be human?   To struggle?   To be defeated?   To know unbridled joy?   To be shortsighted as man is and yet still have the ability to hope.   How God must love us for that!   Yes, ‘all have sinned and come short of the Glory of God.’   Who among us is not aware of their own shortcomings?   Everyone I know.   To be human is to be all to aware of what we are not.   Was that the purpose of Jesus’ coming?   To remind each of us of our all too familiar failures?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Many others are outraged that anyone should question the Divinity of Christ, as though questioning such a thing changes the very nature of God?   Hardly.   What question could man possibly ask that could be found to be offensive to God?   Yet, this question of Divinity versus Humanity, people seem to struggle over.   Christ is all or none.   Even those who would say Jesus was both human and God, cannot admit that Jesus could have succumbed in his humanity to be human.   And what a terrible misrepresentation.   All throughout the Bible God is represented as part of humankind.   Why would humanity be denied what most Christians’ believe to be God’s only Son.   There is of course, great misrepresentation and misunderstanding about the chronology of the canon.    That Jesus’ divinity was not even declared until 300 years after his death.   By whom?   Why man of course?   I wonder if God would be pleased with all that the ‘church’, not the body, has accomplished?   Just recently, I visited a new church and although I liked the people.   I was saddened when the pastor started talking about the ‘building’ fund.   Is this what Christianity has been reduced to?   Buildings?   What of the starving?   What of the homeless?   What of the person who has not known the kindness of a human touch, due to illness or simple isolation?   What of these?   Does God not plague us to be in touch with his light, his life, his children?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Lost Tomb of Jesus is a wonderful representation of the possibility that Jesus was all he said he was.   A miracle.   A blessing in disguise.   Both human and Divine.   Just like the rest of us.   A bit of God rests in us all at the heart of God’s highest creation, mankind.   Rejoice!   Awake!   God is among us!   Living when we thought he was dead!   Alleluia!   Jesus is Alive!

Activity Based Costing of City Services Essay

Required: 1. The new mayor became elected with the pledge of rapid privatization. But instead of downright privatization, his first action was to ask for cost estimation of public service. Why do you think he asked for cost estimation instead of privatizing the public service right away? Was it a sensible action? 2. Existing DOT employees were allowed to bid against private businesses. Was it a sensible decision? For example, they could have been just fired. 3. How well did the project team implement ABC for estimating the cost of pothole filling? Do you agree with the manner in which they treated equipment cost and excess capacity? 4. Should the city have allowed the municipal employees to see the ABC estimates and given them the opportunity to reduce their costs? 5. Calculate the bids the city workers will issue for fixing potholes in the Northwest and Northeast quadrants. 6. The new mayor wants to continue to outsource city services through competitive bidding. Do you think that’s a good idea? What are the concerns the city should consider? Colorscope, Inc. Instruction: 1. What was the value statement of Colorscope to customers? In other words, why would any customer go to Colorscope instead of other large printers? We are going to analyze cost structure of Colorscope using a departmental cost allocation method. This is a two stage system. First categorize cost to different production centers (= departments = Job prep, Scanning, Assembly, Output, and Quality). Then allocate cost in each center to a job in the second stage. 2. Complete the following first stage allocation. Job prep Wages $8,000 Depreciation Rent Others* Total MOH DLH POHR Floor space * allocated by DLH Scanning Assembly Output Quality Idle Total 3. Analyze the job profitability by filling out the following sheet with dollars. (Hint: Add labor cost and allocated MOH.) Job # 61001 61002 Revenue Materials Job prep $9,600 Scanning Assembly Output Quality Net profits 62001 Idle Total Profit Then summarize your findings. 4. Analyze the rework cost by filling out the following sheet for the jobs with a rework. Job # 61001 61002 Materials Job prep Scanning Assembly Output Quality Net profits 62001 Total What is the financial consequence of reworks? (Hint: compare the profits before and after reworks.) 5. What would you recommend to Colorscope Inc. to improve their business?

Silvio Berlusconi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Silvio Berlusconi - Research Paper Example These are the personal scandals, but he was also convicted in Italian courts of more serious scandals – tax fraud and wiretapping violations. Yet, Berlusconi managed to always retain power, even after losing power, by regaining it through media manipulation. He virtually owns the media in Italy, so he was able to make the Italian people believe that in his story, the way that he would spin it. Meanwhile, he has tarnished his critics with allegations against them. The media manipulation is apparently still afoot, as Berlusconi, as recently as the February 2013 elections, came within 1% of the popular vote for Prime Minister. This essay will examine Berlusconi’s rise to power, his scandals, and why he still is a popular figure, even after all he has been accused of. Discussion Silvio Berlusconi is one of the most corrupt men to ever assume the mantle of Prime Minister, in Italy or any other place in the world. His origins were humble, however. According to the BBC News (2 013), Berlusconi began his business career selling vacuums and singing on a cruise ship. He graduated from law school in 1961, and, ten years later, he launched a local cable-television outfit, called Telemilano, which grew into Mediaset, which is one of Italy’s biggest media empires. ... not last long, for he lost the 1996 election, amid a collapse of his government, seven months into his term, because, in part, Berlusconi was indicted for tax fraud in a Milan court. He came back into power in 2001, before being defeated again in 2006, then returning to office in 2008 under the People of Freedom party (Profile: Silvio Berlusconi). Berlusconi came to power in 1994 by assuring the Italians that he represented a different kind of leader from what they were accustomed to, according to Donadio & Povoledo (2011). He stated that Italy did not have freedom and was too ruled by the past, in their economics and their social issues. The old political parties, before Berlusconi came to power, were the Christian Democratic Party and the Communist Party, and Berlusconi represented something different than what these two parties were offering. Berlusconi was offering himself as a leader, and his qualifications, according to Donadio & Povoledo (2011) was his immense wealth. He was r e-elected in 2001 because he was able to deliver, to every doorstep, a magazine-sized volume, titled â€Å"An Italian Story† regarding his life. This print offering showcased Berlusconi as a self-made businessman, a family man and a ladies’ man, while showing his love for soccer (Donadio & Povoledo, 2011). Donadio & Povoledo (2011) argue that Berlusconi was popular because he was seen as the sort that the Italian man would admire and want to emulate – somebody who was charismatic, sexually powerful and wealthy. Donadio & Povoledo (2011) state that Berlusconi was able to come to power, and keep power, for another reason – he controlled the media. Because he controlled the media, he controlled how he was portrayed to the people. He began with a broadcasting company, Mediaset, which

The book the Scarlet letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper

The book the Scarlet letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example The meteor – A message from God Symbolism is nothing but employing concrete symbols to display a detailed and deeper meaning. Symbols sometimes present a moral belief, religious belief or value. Literature works are never rich without the use of symbolism. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's celebrated work The Scarlet Letter, the novelist lavishly uses symbols that have a deeper meaning. This can be considered as the most symbolic piece of literature that the American literature has ever seen. The splendid use of symbolism in this works has contributed much to the rise of American literature. The most obvious symbol in the work is the scarlet â€Å"A† that the main character is required to wear. The novelist makes use of symbolism to explain how the Puritans and their people dealt with sin and how that affects sinners. The scarlet letter ‘A’ shows sin Hester performed and the way Puritans treated Hester’s sin. The entire story is centered on this symbol Scar à ¢â‚¬Å"A†. Hester Prynne gives birth to a baby after committing adultery. She struggles to build a new life of dignity and repentance. In the case of Hester Prynne also society inflicts her with isolation and discrimination. As she committed adultery she was forced to wear a scarlet â€Å"A† which is a punishment for her. She suffered complete isolation as society considered her as nothing but an adulteress. As she had to wear the scarlet â€Å"A† she remained fully ostracized from the community. Hester’s inner longings never confirmed to the rigid laws of the puritan society. She was thus secluded from the society that made her contemplate the sin and other events in her life. Solitude made her make an attempt to free herself from the pricking of the sin. Hester is publicly humiliated and thrown to isolation by the people of Boston. She carries the badge of humiliation and isolation. Hester could escape from the solitude by leaving the Massachusetts Bay Co lony. She could remove the scarlet letter and lead a normal life if she had left the place. Hester, however, behaves indifferently as Chillingworth informs her that the town leaders are planning to relieve her from the scarlet letter. The solitude did not deprive Hester of her clear thoughts and determination. She desired to determine her own identity rather than allowing others to determine her identity. Hester never desired a mercy from others. She rather effectively used the life of isolation to realize her mistake and rebuild her life again. Isolation produced a positive effect on Hester. Hester considers the scarlet letter as a symbol of her sin and painful experiences. She doesn’t want to escape from her past and rather desired to learn from her past failures. Solitude is no longer a curse for Hester. Thus, Hester very determinedly integrates her sin into her life rather than escaping from its consequences. The symbol scarlet â€Å"A†, describes the life of the c entral character in the work. The novelist has explained the life of the central character through the symbolic scarlet â€Å"A† which she wears. The letter â€Å"A† has a better abstract meaning, â€Å"A† means American. During those periods America was a religion was a more religion-based country than it is today. The Puritan way of life influences Boston and several other regions of America. Americans were heavily punished for going against the Christian religion. Yet another interpretation for letter â€Å"A† is ‘able’

Vicale Had Propelled His Business above Other Potential Competitors in Essay

Vicale Had Propelled His Business above Other Potential Competitors in the Market - Essay Example The studies represented by the case study are descriptive and survey studies. In study data retrieved from the research is used to make conclusions and decision-making purposes on the report. From the case study, Vicale’s hobby was transformed into a business that rapidly grew due to the research he carried out on the modern day action figures. The constant demand for action figures from friends and visitors to his office, and with the research he conducted on the internet increased his urgency to start the business. Exploratory research conducted enabled him to evaluate the potential market for his goods. He was able to compare his product to the products available in the market. He found that his products were unique and easy to manufacture compared to other products. The competitive advantage Vicale had propelled his business above other potential competitors in the market. His products were modern day heroes compared to the conventional fictional heroes in supernatural sto ries. Their uniqueness enables Vicale to have a competitive product for his e-commerce business (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). The first step is the identification of the business idea to be researched. The creation of action figures was Vicale’s hobby and he had made some for himself before friends urged him to make more. The research question thus arises on the clientele that would buy the product produced by Vicale. Vicale decided to search the internet as his first source of information due to its accessibility. From the internet, he discovered that many companies were in the market producing similar products. The difference was the end product and the technology used. The action figures produced by Vicale were easy to produce because the action figure heads were fitted on a uniform body. He later expanded his sample size by taking his research to the market. In the market, he found that most of the toys in stores were action figures. The action figures had a high market compared to other toys on the market and they could suit both genders. Implementation of his findings is the final step in Vical e’s research where he evaluates his findings and implements (Cooper & Schindler, 2010).

Consumer attitudes towards celebrity endorsed products Dissertation

Consumer attitudes towards celebrity endorsed products - Dissertation Example Celebrity endorsements are considered to be scary and unstable but still the trend continues. Thus with the aim to establish whether celebrity endorsement on products have an effect on consumer purchasing such products, four objectives were stated in Chapter I. After extensive literature review in Chapter, qualitative research strategy based on content analysis method was adopted for this study. This study is purely based on secondary data and no fresh data has been collected. The study has achieved all the objectives. The study concludes that celebrity endorsement on products have limited effect on consumers. They create awareness and knowledge about the brand and the product but may not change the attitude towards the brand or alter the purchase intentions. The image of the celebrity should be able to communicate the message and this is based on the personality of the endorser. To survive in the competitive marketplace companies need to have a strong brand name and they use celebs to enhance their brand image. However, the marketers and advertisers appear to become over enthusiastic over time and enter into multiple endorsements and over exposure which potentially damages the brand. Advertisers have to be cautious in using a standardized approach across cultures and markets because consumer perception greatly differs across cultures. Strong celebs can generate high willingness to buy that product. It can create a brand narrative, increase the awareness of the company’s advertising, and use of celebrities has a positive impact on the stock returns of the company. However, over exposure of the celebrity may dilute the importance of the brand as the attention remains focused on the celebrity. Celebrity image is not static and this could impact the celebrity endorsement strategy of the company. This also impacts the consumer perception of the brand and the endorser. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the study 2 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 3 1.4 Organization of the Study 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Chapter Overview 5 2.2 Definitions 5 2.3 Product and Brand 6 2.4 Celebrities and Brands 7 2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of celebrity endorsement 10 2.6 Brand enhancement through celebrity endorsement 12 2.7 Negative association with celebrity endorsement 14 Chapter Three: Methodology 3.1 Research Philosophy 16 3.2 Research phenomenon 16 3.3 Research methods 17 3.4 Research Strategy 17 3.5 Justification for content analysis 18 3.6 Data analysis 19 3.7 Sampling 19 3.8 Reliability and Validity 19 3.9 Ethical concerns 20 Chapter Four: Findings & Discussions 4.1 Celebrity endorsement and consumer purchase intention 21 4.2 Importance of brand name and the role of celebrity 25 4.3 Advantage and disadvantages of celebrity endorsements 26 4.4 Discussion 28 Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 32 5.2 Limitations 34 5.3 Recommendation for further research 34 References 35 Tables Table 4.1 Successful and Unsuccessful Celebrity Endorsements 22 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Successful and Failed Endorsements with reasons 27 Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background Globalization and the power of the modern media over consumer societies have contributed to the phenomenon of using celebrities to endorse consumer products. Celebrities today have become an important part of the marketing communication process because brands love

Slavery Northerners and Southerners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slavery Northerners and Southerners - Essay Example The niggers (black people) were the ones subjected to slavery. In the long run, some of the American people realized the evil of slavery and considered it a sin. The first abolitionist movement was founded in the northern part of America. It was the northerners who first discovered the immoral aspect of slavery and called for its complete abolition. While slavery was dying in the north, the southerners demanded for more slaves. Cotton gin was invented during that time (Burns, n.d.). The device increased the production of cotton as well as the demand for slave labor. Thus, more and more black people were sold in the southern part. In this context, the southerners feared of economic loss and racial equality if slavery was to be abolished (Burns, n.d.). Southerners believed that black people are meant to work and serve the white people. As new territories and states were formed, the topic on slavery became controversial than ever. Specifically, the question of whether or not slavery was to be allowed in the newly formed states and territories caught both the northerners and southerners attention. The answer to the query was critical to their respective economic and racial concern. The question bothered the northerners since allowing slavery in the new states would be a disadvantage on their part. Stated otherwise, the legalization of slavery in those states was considered by the northerners as unfair and an economic threat.

Developing Academic Skills Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing Academic Skills - Literature review Example Darwin’s evolution reveals that for a chance to exist there must be separation as well as a purpose or reason to transform. According to Rowold and Borgman, transformational leadership is distinct from transactional leadership. According to Osborn (2002), network leadership is another derelict aspect of management, which is not independent. These concepts form the theme of this summative paper. Literature Review Darwin’s theory lessons According to Keith Denton book, "What Darwin can teach us about success", discussing development and learning in corporations and organizations, it is evident that transformation is possible. Darwin’s evolution reveals that for the opportunity to exist there must be separation as well as a reason or motive to change (Ospovat 1995). This is linked to Darwin's elucidation of how preferential continued existence of the slightest advantages can lead to sophisticated forms is the most imperative explanatory standard in biology, and trem endously powerful in numerous other fields. Such achievement has emphasized concepts that life is in all respects a conflict of each against everyone, where each person or entity has to look out for their opportunities and fully exploit. This is essential in lifelong skills of development whether in acquiring academic skills or life experiences. Charles Darwin's hypothesis of how evolution exists is clearly competitive, and even gladiatorial. Species are pitted against each other for scarce resources, alike species with identical needs and environment even more so, are all competing for existence (Gayon 1998). From the Denton approach, individuals can learn to compete for opportunities, and not wait for disasters but develop their ways through respective challenges. In organization, managers can transform their organization trends by ensuring that opportunities and threats adequately assessed. Survival for the fittest is the backbone philosophy derived from the Darwin theory. It can be utilized to enhance progress in developing skills. This conforms to the expression, do not merely compete, but rather try to be the best in the world. Transformational leadership and transactional leadership Transformational leaders look for novel ways of functioning, search for opportunities in the face of threat, favor effective responses to well-organized answers, and are less probable to maintain the status quo. They do not just react to environmental circumstances; they try to shape and produce them (Bass & Avolio 1994). Transformational leaders may employ transactional approaches when suitable, but they also incline to use symbolism and descriptions to solicit augmented effort. The leader achieves this by increasing the level of academic awareness about the significance of valued results, by augmenting or expanding individual requirements, and by enticing a belief in rising above self-interest for the benefit of the organization or team (Bass & Avolio 1994).Genuine transfo rmational leadership necessitates staffs empowerment, not employee reliance. It is evident that transformational

How did the framers of the Constitution balance the competing claims Essay - 1

How did the framers of the Constitution balance the competing claims of local self-government, sectional interests, and national authority - Essay Example From the work, it is evident that in the previous times, states had more autonomy (Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky & Soderlund, 2011). In the latter years, the states came together to revise a few of the confederation articles, there was need for the states to create a new form of ruling as prescribed in the constitution. According to Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky & Soderlund (2011), this conference led to an agreement on how power would be separated between the existing state organs. The constitution architects came to an agreement that all states would respect the constitution- that contracted freedom to all citizens. This is an elucidation of the fact that no local or state governments were given the consent to create any laws. The constitution is, nonetheless, believed to be at center stage in ascribing freedoms to all citizens. Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky & Soderlund (2011) insist that the constitution not only protects the freedoms and rights of individuals, but also restricts chances that these ri ghts will be violated. The national authority can be equated to the federal government that contains the executive arm that defends and supports the law of the land. Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky & Soderlund (2011) say that the makers of the constitution came up with national authority to govern people and obtain power from them. Through division of powers in the federal government, the state organs are able to address the local issues in a state. Matters touching on the state are also weighed by the federal government, as well as coming up with solutions to the problems. The sectional interests, on the other hand, include a national group of persons that was given the mandate to advocate for ideas in the country, and champion for the implementation of the same ideas (Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky & Soderlund, 2011). The constitution framers as seen in the argument of Ayers, Gould, Oshinsky & Soderlund (2011) aimed at serving the interests of various sections of the community that an

Big paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Big paper - Essay Example In line with this, economic factors outline the economic determinants of the community thus; it defines what the communities entail in order to successfully conquer economic hurdles that the community may face. Moreover, technological aspects outline the intellect that the community influences towards production of merchandise, weapons for protection and many others. The Han Dynasty and the Ancient Rome depict the above-mentioned facts. The two communities show the above aspects and successfully interpret these aspects to ensure the triumph in the end. Owing to the sheer nature of the above justifications, this literature seeks to outline the political, social aspects regarding to marriage and the technological development. This is in relation to the Han Dynasty and the Ancient Rome and therefore, compares the two communities in order to define their relevance. The historic background Han Dynasty After the end of the civil hostilities that followed with the death of Qin Shihuangdi in 210 B.C. The end of the civic war reunited China underneath the decree of the Han dynasty. As a result, it separated into two key periods: the Former or Western Han amid the 206 B.C.–9 A.D era and the Eastern or Later or Eastern Han in periods of 25–220 A.D. The Qin established the boundaries and Han maintained the boundaries. Consequently the above structure presently defines supplementary or less the state of China. Moreover, the Former Han city, Chang'an lies in contemporary day Shaanxi Province. Besides, a monumental metropolitan center placed out on a north-south federation with palaces, two busy market capacities and suburban wards depicted one of the twofold prevalent cities in the antique world (Yao, 57). Ancient Rome Contrary, Ancient Rome depicted an Italic mode of civilization that arose on the Italian Peninsula as timely period of the 8th century B.C. It lies alongside the Mediterranean Sea and positioned on the capital of Rome. Moreover, it stretched to a ppear to be one of the leading kingdoms in the primordial world with a projected population of 50 to 90 million (approximately 20% of the population of the world), and it lies on a 6.5 million square kilometers ground for the period of its height amid the leading and succeeding centuries AD. Besides, the city of Rome developed from settlements nearby a passage on the river Tiber, an intersection of trade and traffic activities. Conferring to archaeological substantiation, the city of Rome perhaps came around the period of the 8th century BC. However, it may date back to the 10th century BC, by adherents of the Italy tribe of the Latin, which occupied the uppermost of the Palatine Hill. The Etruscans, who had formerly occupied the north part of Etruria, organized a political mechanism in the above province before the 7th century BC. Thus, establishing the monarchical and aristocratic elite. The Etruscans seemingly lost authority in the region before the 6th century BC. At this junctu re, the Sabine the original Latin tribes restructured their regime by forming a republic, that had greater limitations on the capability of head of state to exercise authority (Burgan, 121) Political organization The Han Dynasty portrayed a centralized structure of the government. The Han Empire comprised of two regions unswervingly controlled by the government. The two areas included the commentaries, and some semi-independent empires.

Intellectual property Essay Example for Free

Intellectual property Essay What is intellectual property? â€Å"To give an identification means to understand†,- said an ancient philosopher. So, usually we understand intellectual property as totality of rights for results of intellectual activity (works, phonograms, inventions, etc) and means of individualization (trade marks, company name, etc). Objects of intellectual property often divide into several groups: 1) objects of copyrights (science, literature, art works, including databases and computer programs); 2) objects adjoining rights (phonograms, TV and radio programs, etc); 3) objects of patent rights (inventions, useful models, industrial examples, etc); 4) means of individualization (trade marks and service marks, company names, names of commodity origin, etc); 5) non-traditional objects (selective innovations, topologies of integral micro schemes, rationalization proposals). Intellectual property can be called a kind of asset, so in this quality you can buy it, sell, license, exchange it or to give without compensation, as any other kind of property. Besides, the owner of intellectual property has right to forbid illegal usage or sale of that definite property. Still, intellectual property is â€Å"invisible†, so in order to become registered, it should be expressed in some discernible way. Trade marks for brand identity for goods and services first of all are used to indicate the source of goods or services and to distinguish goods and services from the other. Trade marks also symbolize quality of goods or services, they are used together with. Majority of them are expressed in words, but they can be anything, what distinguish one product from the other, they can be expressed as symbols, logotypes, sounds, designs or even distinguishable non-functional configurations of products. The term of registration has definite period, but because of fundamental aims of trade marks (to avoid public confusion, to stimulate competition and protect interests of owners) – registration can be renewed and in such a way to be prolong infinitely, while those trade marks are used. What are the rights? The owner of trade mark can prohibit to others to use a similar trade mark in case such usage, probably, will arouse confusion in minds of consumers. Let’s remember trademark of Panasonic, Sony, or Nike and Reebok. All these are trademarks. So, a consumer, buying production of those companies, buys also quality of production, brand name and fashion. There are other companies (mostly Chinese/Vietnamese), which produce fake, but use principle of similar pronunciation of well-known brand names. For example, they produce tape-recorders with brand name Panassonic, Sonny, or shoes with logotype Reaboc or Nikee. Those companies cause great losses to real companies Panasonic, Sony, Nike etc. â€Å"A recognized brand name or trade mark represents the goodwill that has been built into the product or service. Consumers tend to associate the recognized brand name or trade mark with certain characteristics that are specific to that name or mark. Therefore, companies often spend millions of dollars annually for safeguarding the investment in the related intellectual property rights. † (Intellectual Property Website). The problem is that different countries have their own legislation regarding intellectual property, what created difficulties for identification of intellectual property in common. Still, such registration of intellectual property should exist, because it is a presumable evidence of validity of trade mark and rights of its owners to use that trade mark. It is also fixed in national register of trade marks, notifying the whole world that owner uses such trade mark and has right of property. That trade mark should be distinguishable; it means trade mark must have possibility to distinguish goods or services of that definite trade mark from other services or goods. It can include any original combination of letters, figures or other symbols, colors or musical sounds. There are a lot of kinds of trade marks (trade marks, which was created specially – KODAK for photo-materials, XEROX for photocopy equipment, PEPSI for non-alcoholic drinks; voluntary trademarks – APPLE for computers or DOVE for soap, to mention a few) Trade marks for brand identity for goods and services can be very valuable asset. For example, it is well-known that German car manufacturer BMW bought British car company ROVER first of all to get its set of desirable trademarks, including LAND ROVER, RANGE ROVER, TRIUMPH, AUSTIN, MGB, etc. From the other side, trademark can be almost useless, in case it is associated with bad quality. I think that we shouldn’t copy intellectual property, as far as the idea is also a kind of property and brings profit to its owner. In case a person copies intellectual property, he acts as unfair competitor and causes losses to the owner of intellectual property. Works Cited: 1. Intellectual Property Website, Why care about intellectual property rights? October 30, 2004 [online] http://www. brint. com/IntellP. htm.

Healthcare Rationing Debate

Healthcare Rationing Debate Commentary on â€Å"The Rationing Debate†, Rationing health care by age Covering Statement: This paper aims to comment on Alan Williams’s article of â€Å"The rationing debate1† published in BMJ, 15th March 1997 volume 314. In this commentary I will try to explain different points of argument he raises in his article with the comments on each under the same heading. For the better perception and reflection I will try to suggest an alternative model to his main proposition of this article. The main position of my commentary is favoring the position of Alan about â€Å"Age the criterion to benefit people† I will try to critique him in different aspects of his argument with the induction of my own suggested model and will try to figure out in order to remove the dependency on age for calculating benefit we have to intervene5 differently with some different aspect. Rationing debate: This article is all about the criteria for the priority setting in health care specifically focused on â€Å"Age1† which he mentioned is only the predictor for any health related issue not the cause; he also argued about the main context on benefits extract out of health care in relation with age. In the initial part of his article he tries to figure out the relation between adaptation and adjustment of human body in response to â€Å"diseases†. Here, I want to use more true meaning of this word â€Å"disease† which means not normal, instead of any pathology. He also explains the increased level of risks with increase ages along with more supportive and rehabilitative therapy needed in later ages. Being an â€Å"Old Age Person† he contextualized his argument in contrast with young age and compares why recoveries are fast in young age and that also the importance of recoveries in young ages. Up to my level of understanding, his use of ‘age’ explaining about the different aspects of wellness is more towards own contextualization, being a middle age man I can argue the whole concept of his article in a different aspect and that is level of degenerative changes in human body. Before I explain further I would like to explain a bit about medical notion of generative and degenerative part of Human body. Broadly, our life consists of two major cycles of structural formation i.e. generative and degenerative. Initially we all spent life for the generation of a proper structure of our body including physical and mental construction and then after that we spent rest of our life on that structure, which we can call degenerative part of life. Degenerative part is mainly relying on how well organized generative structure is formed. Up to 30 years of age is considered as a part of generative phase while after that it is all degenerative. Now I can argue, or suggest Mr. Allan an alternative ground to his concept of Age1, which is we will evaluate generative and degenerative health issues to his concept of benefits in comparison of his age based model of benefits. So contextualizing this alternative, infections or acquired disease can be treated as the reflection of body, like in generative phase the estimation of benefits can be different than the degenerative one similarly the developmental disorders. This alternative context can be applicable to public or individuals on the same way like the Age based one; the reflection of body to any external effects. Desire of Living: Alan uses a term of â€Å"vain pursuit of immortality1†, desire of living forever which indeed become more important in later ages of life. So as he explains how the outcomes of smaller health related issue considered more in old-aged and why the expectation get higher in this age. He points out the curability or treatability of any health related issue is not the only option in this age groups, there are so many other ways to work in this issue even out of the parameters of health services (like beyond NHS-UK). Considering the above argument in context with the alternative idea, there won’t be any expectation issues because for degenerative un-wellness expectations will be low. The terms of curability and rehabilitation will not be in competition with each other for instance. Ethically it will be easier to justify the alternative one as both the components of this idea are of equal span which will be focusing more on consequences and outcomes; I would not like to say that this will be the maximizing welfare concept or true utilitarian4 based model except within the degenerative based group benefits of health care issues. Quality of Life: Other important aspects of his article he suggests about the shift of context from the term of â€Å"cure† to â€Å"quality of life†. He also supports this argument of his by relating it with the values of persons own self-care. Though he stresses that by focusing on quality of life the contemporary approach on new interventions5 (especially at life threatening levels) will be restricted but still he argues â€Å"Quality of Life1† is less costly. The above argument of Alan is basically the further explanation of our context of alternative idea in which regenerative phase is more focused for the cure with individual choice and distributive to maximal liberty of the individual. Quality of life is only focused to the improvement of degenerative part of health care benefits according to the needs and burdens equalizing resources4 (egalitarian4). So the alternative way can be the modified egalitarian view of health care setting. Being the part of egalitarian nature it can be assume that priority will be set for the high tech innovations in medical sciences which will benefit both the generative as well as degenerative on the same grounds and quality. Limits: In second portion of his article he tries to explain another aspect of defining limits for the health care benefits, he explains that keeping an eye on this divine principle of â€Å"every soul will taste death2† it is better to keep a limit before any stress full situation encounters and those limits should be justified on humane grounds according to age, expectations should also be considered according to age. He means to say that age can be considered for benefits though it is not a criterion. In explanation of above argument to alternative context, expectation will be different for different phases; fulfillment of that expectation would be more justified or in equitable manner. I do agree with this divine principle of life and the relation of its context in our life and building capacity to the alternative way will not effects any change on overall morality4 of priority health care setting. For this argument I would like to second the thoughts of Alan, health care model should have the parameters for defining the limits in advance, so that the issues like social utility4 or medical utility4 could not be raised. The extent of limits can differ in our alternative context of design. Health of the nation: In the further explanation of his own proposition of benefit related health care objectives when talk about broader view like â€Å"health of the nation1†, he counter argues that this favors against the old age because priorities should be given to those who will benefit more, so the young will get more and also in old age benefits are more diminished and that this is morally unjust that smaller benefits of older should be preferred on larger benefits of young. In support of his argument he explains that older can be considered more beyond the benefit because they have paid more taxes in their lives, but contrarily he replied that usually health care systems are social insurance kind of system in which lucky one gets more. He also supports this argument that elders value more to their small improvements while young focus more to different aspects if talk about their benefits in that case the rationale of health care settings as a social insurance setup wi ll be in jeopardy and private entities will be focus more. When we deal with the civic virtues and solidarity or community values than the paradigm of priority setting for health care become difficult up to one model application. There are different references points to be deal at this level like, effectiveness, efficiency, legitimacy and distributive justification. If we change the notion of health of nation to the context of alternative idea of this paper than it will be easier to measure effectiveness as regenerative will be given priority. Economically7, the degenerative phase will consume more and it will justify the social insurance based argument of Alan that any person who pays in his regenerative phase will get in his degenerative part. Politically, there will be marked difference in both the scenarios. For example, instead of spending major share on long term care facility government have to build community rehabilitation services centers which will be utilized by all age groups. There won’t be any much difference of values of benefits of elders and young, though there will be difference in values of benefits but that will be equitable to widen age groups. Fair Innings: In later part of the article he explains his proposition as a â€Å"fair innings1 7†, in which he tries to explains that any person who lives his lifelong is kind of a fair cricket innings where he plays his innings saving his wicket throughout his life and (using resources of health care for life) build it up till old age (threescore ten is 70 years3), while the one who gets out in young age or live a painful kind of life is an unfortunate one and who has been denied opportunities. So the quality of life should be more focused whatever age it is and how many years of life are left. This argument is almost similar for the alternative context of this paper where someone who spend his regenerative phase of life well and get some tragic death will considered unlucky. So quality of life does not depends on health facilities available, age spans, exposure of the person, economic situations and so many other variant and non-related factors can be considered. In the end: Concluding his whole proposition, Alan explains that Age is important in determining the benefits and ultimately explains the disadvantages7 of being elder and low value benefits. As the age increase the value of your benefits decreases. He admits in his conclusion that he would have been preferring younger person benefits6 over his. Similarly, age matters a little bit in our alternative model but not as much that it can change the decisions. If our health care system is based on the suggested model of this paper, the criterion for determining the values of benefits would have been very different. Some preference could have been involved due to age but within the rationale of main phase either generative or degenerative. Conclusion: In this commentary I try my best to reflect my understanding of Alan’s debate, although he counters argue his own position many times but within the connotation of Age as criterion to determine health benefits. Reflexivity of his theme can appear to my suggested model of health care setting, where I am trying my best to create a parallel theme to Alan’s argument in order to get more grasp on his ideas. Concept of suggested model for health care setting based on generative and degenerative treatments, divine references about death and limits of life is my personal conception and believes. Within the explanation I have tried to create a parallel context for comparison. References: Williams, A (1997). The rationing debate. Rationing health care by age. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 314(7083), 820. The Holy Quran. The Holy Bible. T. L. Beauchamp, J. F. Childress. (2013) Principles of biomedical ethics, (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Rivlin, M. M. (1995). Protecting elderly people: flaws in ageist arguments. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 310(6988), 1179. Hunt, R. W. (1993). A critique of using age to ration health care. Journal of medical ethics, 19(1), 19-27. Evans, J. G. (1997). The rationing debate. Rationing health care by age. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 314(7083), 822.

Relationship between Parental Rejection and Loneliness

Relationship between Parental Rejection and Loneliness Tazrin Akkas Zinia INTRODUCTION In the literature there are many different dimensions such as acceptance, affection control, warmth permissiveness, restrictiveness, and demandingness about the child rearing attitudes or parental behavior. Children all over the world need a specific form of positive response (acceptance) from parents and others attachment figures. When this need is not met satisfactorily, children everywhere regardless of variations in culture gender, age or, other such defining conditions tend to report different types of behavior and attitudes. Humans have over the course of evaluation, developed the biologically based emotional need for positive response from parents and other attachment figures. This need includes an emotional wish desire, or yearning (whether consciously recognized or not) for comfort, support care, concern, nurturance and over all positive regard from people with whom they have affection bonds of attachment. For this reason, parental acceptance-rejection is an important part of children’s lives at different stages of their development. Parents may be warm and loving or hostile and rejecting. Each pattern of parental behavior effects the personality development of children. According to interpersonal theory given by Sullivan (1953) the self system that is a person’s perception of self, is a significant component of personality, which develops through interaction with significant figures in the environment. In later life people respond according to this self system, whether people see the self as good or bad depends on their past perceptions. Rohner gave his famous Parental acceptance-rejection theory, widely known as a theory of socialization which attempts to explain and predict the antecedents, correlations and consequences of parental acceptance and rejection throughout the globe. It focuses on four major issues, one of them is the behavioral, cognitive and emotional development of children and adult personality functioning. Every person has experienced the warmth and affection provided by someone important to him/her, who is called the parent not necessarily, mother and father. This warmth and affection is a range from a great deal to none, where one end is named parental acceptance while the other one is termed rejection (Rohner, 2000a).According to the findings of a study conducted over worldwide love sample and American sample, parental hostility was significantly related to certain personality dispositions including hostility, negative self esteem and self adequacy, emotional instability, negative world view and dependency (Rohner). â€Å"Parenting† means providing care, support and love in a way that leads to a child’ includes being responsible for the child physicals need. It means creating a nurturing environment of attention, encouragement thus parenting involvement. It also means providing guidance for the children. It also means providing guidance for the children. Thus parenting involves meeting the Childs physical, mental, emotional and social needs. Both parental acceptance and rejection consist the warmth dimensions of parenting. According to PART theory, parental acceptance refers to the warmth, affection, care, comfort, concern, nurturance, support, or simply love that parents and others can feel and express toward their children, and others. Acceptance has two principle behavioral expressions: physical and verbal. Physical expressions of acceptance include hugging, fondling, caressing, approving glances, kissing, smiling, and other such indications of endearment, approval, or support. Expressions of verbal acceptance include praising, complimenting, saying nice things to or about the child or other person, perhaps singing songs or telling stories to a young child, and the like. A feelings and behaviors and by the presence of a variety of physically and psychologically hurtful behaviors and affects. The most broadly accepted definition of loneliness is the distress that results from discrepancies between ideal and perceived social relationships. This so-called cognitive Discrepancy perspective makes it clear that loneliness is not synonymous with being alone, nor does being with others guarantee protection from feelings of loneliness. Loneliness is the distressing feeling that occurs when one’s social relationships are perceived as being less Satisfying than what is desired. This entry describes how loneliness is conceived and measured; How loneliness is mentally represented; how loneliness influences thoughts, feelings, and Behaviors; and consequences of loneliness for health and wellbeing. Loneliness is related to a number of personal characteristics including low self esteem, shyness, feelings of alienation, external locus of control and belief that the word is not a just place that are associated with depression .( Jones, Freeman, in press). The term â€Å"depression’’ in the study refers to the central features of depressive to disorders, such as, depressed, mood, pessimistic ,thinking ,lack of enjoyment ,reduced energy and slowness. Of these, depressed mood is usually, but not invariably the most prominent symptom. (Gelder, Gath, Mayo and Cowen, 1996) some researchers showed that depression might have different manifestation in different cultures, for example, in an Indian study; it was found that depression had varied manifestations like depressed mood, anxiety, somatic, features, insomnia, obsessions etc (Puri etal, 1995). Literature review Stogdill (1937) said that, â€Å"The empirical study of parental acceptance-rejection has a history going back to the 1890s. It was not until the 1930s, however, that a more-or-less continuous body of empirical research began to appear dealing with the effects of parental acceptance-rejection.† Among, different programs of research on acceptance rejection, the work of Rohner and colleagues are most highly developed. Almost 400 studies have been completed in more than 60 nations internationally, as well as in every major ethnic group of America (Rohner, 2004a). Khaleque and Rohner, (2002a) experiment A meta analysis showed that, approximately 26% of the variability in children’s psychological adjustment and 21% of that is adult’s is accounted for by(parental as well as maternal) acceptance rejection. Roher, Uddin, Shamsunnaher Khaleque (2008) showed that, Among Japanese adult’s, remembered parental acceptance made an independent and significant contribution to men’s adjustment whereas only remembered maternal acceptance made an independent and significant contribution to men’s adjustment . Chyung Lee, 2008; Parmer Rohner, 2005; Rohner Khaleque, 2008, found several research findings and suggest that â€Å"remembrance of father’s (but not mother’s) acceptance in childhood are uniquely associated with variations in the psychological adjustment of adult people† Varan Rohner Eryuksel, (2005) conducted A study which is supports conclusions, from the preceding research, and thus suggests the possibility of a universal relation between individual’s mental health status and their perceptions of acceptance rejection by parents and intimate adult partners . In addition to issues of psychological adjustment, evidence also strongly implicates at least three other mental health issues of parental acceptance rejection .these issues are(1)depression and depressed affect,(2)behavior problems including conduct disorders, externalizing behaviors, and delinquency, (3) substance (drug and alcohol) abuse (rohner britner,2002). Rohner Veneziono (2001; 2000, 2003) concluted that father love(acceptance-rejection) is often as strongly implicated as mother love in the development of behavioral and psychological problems as well as in the development of offspring’s sense of health and well being . Rationale of the study Very few empirical investigations are available in Bangladesh context to highlight the relationship between parental acceptance-rejection and mental health problems .loneliness and depression are prominent psychiatric disorders in Bangladesh and so would be considered with priority. By this study we will be able to contribute to the understanding of the parents to appropriate parenting behaviors which are necessary for the good mental health for their children. And without good mental health they will be unable to contribute the future national developmental process. Furthermore this study will be able to enrich the PART theory. Objectivity of the study The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation of parental acceptance-rejection with loneliness depression. Considering above reviews and objectives of the study two hypotheses were formulated. Hypotheses1: parental rejection would be positively correlated with loneliness. Hypotheses2: parental rejection would be positively correlated with depression. Method Research design In present study, for investigating relation of parental–rejection with anxiety and depression, correlation and multiple regression analysis will be used. Sample A sample of 100 individuals will be used, 50 males and 50females. Their ages range from 20 to 50. At the time of this investigation, all of the participants are university students and studying different areas. Instruments Demographic Information Form: It gathered information related to the personal life of the participants for example, age, gender, academic qualification, number of siblings, birth order, family system etc. Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control: Father mother-Short Form (Adult PARQ/ Control: Father mother-Short Form, Rohner, 2005, Urdu translation by Munaf, Kamrani Hussain 2009): It measures the adult’s perception of father’s and mother’s acceptance-rejection in their childhood. This 29 items self reported questionnaire measures five dimensions of paternal behavior that are coldness/lack of affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, undifferentiated/rejection and control, that can be rated on four-point Likert scale ranges from almost always true (4), sometimes true (3), rarely true (2) and almost never true (1).Its cumulative score indicates perceived father acceptance-rejection; score at or below the midpoint of test scores means acceptance while high score is indicative of rejection. According to Khaleque and Rohner (2002) it is an empirically validated instrument used by researcher and in clinical settings as reliable measures. The revised UCLA loneliness scale was to develop to measure loneliness. It is a 20 items. Likert type scale.20 items of English version were translated into Bengali. The English and Bangla version were administered to 50 subjects with a gap of 7 days. Significant correlation [r48=.88,p>01] between scores of English and Bangla version indicated translation reliability of the scale that were measured the something by the two version . Each of the 20 items is scored such that a 1 indicates lack of loneliness and a 4 indicates high level of loneliness. Adapted Bangla version of The Geriatric Depression Scale : GDS (Brink et al., 1982) would be used to measure depression of people. GDS is Geriatric ally oriented scale for depression. It consists of 30 items which include symptoms like lowered affect, inactivity, irritability, withdrawal, distressing thoughts, and negative judgments about past, present, and future. Each item is worded as a question and respondents are asked to reply in â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† fashion. Each â€Å"yes† answer receives 1 point, except on reverse-scored items. Where â€Å"no† receives answer zero point. Ten items are reversed-scored. Total score of the scale ranges from 0 to 30 and a score of 0 to 10 is considered to be the range for normal no depression, scores of 11-20 indicate mild depression and 21-30 moderate to major depression. The reliability coefficient of split half (Spearman-Brown) was .81 and alpha (Cronbach) was .84 which were highly significant indicating the int ernal consistency of the scale. Procedure The above instruments will be administered individually to the members of the sample. They will be informed of the purpose of the present study and necessary rapport will be established before administering the questionnaires. The respondents will be instructed to read the items of the scales attentively and to respond rapidly. They will be asked to give tick (√) mark in the appropriate box. They will be also requested not to omit any item in the questionnaire and will be talk to them no right or wrong answer and no time limit for answering. Data Analyses A descriptive analysis of the variables will be presented such as the respondents by age, sex, SES. Then, a multiple regression analysis will be carried out to see how much respondents’ loneliness and depression can be explained by the parental acceptance and rejection.

Mister Rogers Positive Influence on Children Essay -- Television Emot

Mister Rogers' Positive Influence on Children It's a beautiful day in this neighborhood, A beautiful day for a neighbor Would you be mine? Could you be mine? I’ve always wanted to have a neighbor just like you. I’ve always wanted to live in a neighborhood with you. The comforting words of this familiar childhood jingle bring memories flooding back and invite us to join the loving and patient man who once taught us that everyone is special and unique. Over several decades, strong morals and values have filled each 30-minute segment of the popular children’s television show. The skills of Fred Rogers as a loving creator and host, combined with the activities and educational settings of the show and the content of his messages -- are all evidence that â€Å"Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood† is a positive influence on children. â€Å"Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood† has been a success throughout its airing of over 45 years. In its long success, few contradictions surface when discussing the positive influences of the famous children’s television show. However, many spoofs have been created about â€Å"Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood† and general complaints about the show and Rogers’ personality have been created also. Some television critics have abused â€Å"Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood.† Several statements declare he is a wimp because of his general caring approach on the show. Not only have television critics made negative remarks, but the children’s show has also been made fun of on late night television shows such as â€Å"The Tonight Show† with Johnny Carson as well as Eddie Murphy on Saturday Night Live (Bianculli 43). On a different level of criticism, the older siblings of those who watch the show develop negative opinions of â€Å"Mister ... ...te.com/tv/20001112rogers2.asp Rogers, Fred. You Are Special: Words of Wisdom from America’s Most Beloved Neighbor. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. Rowe, Claudia. â€Å"Some Things Never Change, and Thank Heavens Mister Rogers is One of Them.† Biography 4:3 (Mar 2000), 102-107. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen Public Library. 6 November 2001. Trotter, Andrew. â€Å"Media.† Education Week 22 Nov. 2000: 5. Valkenburg, P.M. and S.C. Janssen. â€Å"What do Children Value in Entertainment Programs?: A Cross Cultural Investigation.† Journal of Communication 49:2 (Spr 1999), 4-25. Zoba, Wendy Murray. â€Å"Won’t You Be My Neighbor?† Christianity Today. 6 Mar 2000: 38-47. NOTE: Citations for Family Communication website are as follows: (â€Å"Mister† What Is) â€Å"Mister† = Reference source What Is = Link where information is found located on left bar of website.

“Hooray for the Underdog!” Essay -- Social Issues, Bullying

No one wants to be called an underdog. The emotional and feelings that comes when you keeo on trying. Being challenged as an underdog amongst peers, family members, even strangers, can have a long lasting effect for someone social being. Being casted as someone who can not measure up to any particular goal or ambitions, usually that person enters a stage of melancholy and loneliness. SHORTEN IT!!! Ever been dubbed the underdog? A society of called the United States of America was claimed to be the underdog from the old world However what happens if the station change and it was not an individual situation, but it’s was predicated on an entire nation? Usually underdogs never have the support to help their ideas and view to be noticed. One author took one this a underdog, America and showed how democracy in a new world can change society into a radical society of equality. When we are being bullied, it’s always nice to have someone to stick up for us during our time of need. Usually we do have someone who cares enough to stand up for us, but Sometimes that doesn’t not happen and we’re left alone to defend for ourselves. And we look to our own inner strength to build up our crushes ego. But, imagine, that the bullying was presented in a larger scale? Imagine the victim was a state, how would reactions play out? In Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, that sort of bullying was taking place. But as individuals would inattentively hurt one another, no, this is was a attack on a America and its citizens, such as the Puritans and the liberal democracy of the America. Tocqueville was sent to view the supposed faulty political system of America, but One that was looked upon hastily was the American Puritans ( add more) ... ...uotes) In the long run, this political behaviour (if not changed) can lead up to many problems in regards to building state to state relationships in the future. when trying to build relationship in between, and using prejudices to segregate as a way to keep only harm alliances. A democratic political system can look scary on the outside, but in the long run the system can improve, but only as its followers want to make their system into a better place. Tocqueville was right in standing up for America because he had the experience and the knowledge that citizens from the mother land did not. In truth, his main focus in the end was to show that America was more happier, peaceful, and hold teh keys to allow democradcy to build and expand to freedom for all.

Political Sponsering of Ngos Essay

Greenpeace and green political parties are united in their position against nuclear energy and their support for renewable energies. Christian charity organizations and conservative political parties both stand for traditional family values and against family planning. But does this mean they should work together? Often political parties sponsor NGOs, but is this sponsoring even acceptable? There are several arguments which we would like to consider. The credibility of NGOs as independent organizations and their ability to pursue their social interests are harmed by political sponsoring. The credibility of NGOs decreases, because more often than not, the interests of political parties are more important than the original agenda of the NGOs, due to (financial) sponsoring. The reason for political parties to engage with NGOs in the form of political sponsoring is to increase attention for the statements on the political agenda. NGOs often have more resources and are less restrained to all sorts of rules and laws to protest in rigorous actions. However, this money can only be invested when the NGO compromises its own agenda with the agenda of the political party, which means that they might have to compromise on their own values, missions and visions. Hence the question rises; how can an NGO be called non-governmental when there is a political influence? A counterargument for this is that there is a difference between a political party and the government. Of course this is the case, but a political party is a part of the government. In the Netherlands it is even the case that the political parties get subsidy by the government, so these are inseparable. Thus we argue you can? t call a NGO non-governmental anymore when it is sponsored by political parties, which significantly decreases their credibility. Democratic control of political action that is ‘outsourced’ to NGOs and is therefore beyond democratic control. When a political party is chosen to participate in a country’s parliament, this is done in a democratic way. People can vote for the party that has arguments and goals closest to the person’s own vision. However, the board of an NGO is not chosen in a democratic way, they are simply hired because they are the ‘right person to do the job’. When NGOs will engage in political actions, people who are not democratically chosen will gain political power. The accountability of political parties to their stakeholders, in particular those who may not agree with the objectives of the NGOs that are sponsored, is harmed by political sponsoring. When people vote democratically for a political party, they vote for the agenda the political party has before engaging with any other organization. When political parties go and sponsor NGOs, the party most likely has to compromise on its own agenda to get to an agreement with an NGO. Citizens now are ‘voting’ for NGOs without knowing this. The voters do often not have a say in which NGOs are sponsored, so there is a great likelihood that part of the political party’s stakeholders will not approve of the chosen NGOs at all. The missions and visions of these organizations could be in contradiction with the opinions of the stakeholders and voters, and they have absolutely no control over this. Proponents of political sponsoring say that the voters don’t compromise, because they have the same goal as the political parties. We would like to stress here that even though someone has the same goal, you don’t have to agree with the actions that are taken. Especially actions of NGOs, which are most commonly known as radical, can get a lot of resistance by the voters and other stakeholders of the political parties. An important question you can ask yourself in the light of this last argument is: Does the end justify the means? Does the common goal lead to an acceptance of all (radical) actions taken by NGOs? This is an important question, especially for the stakeholders of the political party, because by political sponsoring all the stakeholders of the parties (including the voters) indirectly approve of the NGOs’ actions.

Parenting: a Balancing Act

Parenting: A Balancing Act â€Å"You’re not doing well enough! † Just how many times have children heard this from their parents? After all, parents do expect their children to do well in life, but sometimes those expectations could place too much of a burden on their children. Most parents worry about the â€Å"Big C†, college, which is shown through many of their expectations on their child’s academics, extra-curriculum’s, and sometimes future careers. A study in 2007 by the Childs Trend Databank shows that 69. 7% parents expected their children from 6th to 12th grade to receive a Bachelor’s degree or higher.Easier said than done right? Of course, the parent might fill their child’s schedule with dozens of E. C’s and A. P classes to make them stand out in the college applications, but that does not mean they will automatically get into any university or college. Like in the article, â€Å"Taming the Overachieving Monster†, the composer, Callie Schweitzer, writes: â€Å"Does being class president, captain of the track team, and sole organizer of the school's clothing drive add up to a top college acceptance? No. All it guarantees is stress. † Parenting requires balance between high and low expectations, a task not to be taken lightly.Thus, parents need to learn how to limit their own expectations of their children due to the stress it causes on them. In some cases, the parents put their children in many after-school programs and encourage them to do more if they want to. Of course, not all children look forward to doing so much and simply want to hang around with their friends or go out shopping. However, this sometimes leads to conflict between parent and child. â€Å"I only want to relax in my room and talk on Facebook and have fun, but my mom yells at me to go do more practice work for the SAT’s. says Anonymous 1, a student. The SAT’s, or the super important test for colleg e, is one of the few tests that is required by colleges in order to apply to them. Out of a maximum 2400 points, parents expect their children to score high in order for them to get into a good college, but to get a high score in the SATs is not exactly the easiest task to do. Some parents expect 2400, some expect 2000 and up, but it still adds more stress to their child when their already grueling schedule is weighted down even more with SAT preparatory classes.Back in the article, â€Å"Taming the Overachieving Monster†, Callie Schweitzer states, â€Å"It's natural to want your child to succeed, but what, exactly, qualifies as achievement? Too many of today's parents define it as a 2400 on the SATs*, a schedule full of AP classes, and extracurricular activities that take up every afternoon of the school week. Parents often dismiss the reality of the hours of homework this kind of academic load entails†. And it is quite true; some parents do often dismiss the amount o f workload coming from all these academic loads.In a clear sense, parents need to get rid of college rankings or reputations because any college can give their children a good education despite the rank, if their children actually work hard and try. Just because a college or university is ranked high does not mean that going to any college that is not ranked high nor has a great reputation like the â€Å"Ivy Leagues† will not give a good education. After all, even if you have a degree from a â€Å"prestigious† college, there is no guarantee that employers will fight for you or you getting instant jobs the moment you step out.Like in the article, â€Å"Taming the Overachieving Monster,† Callie Schweitzer, quotes, Alexandra Robbins, best-selling author of The Overachievers: The Secret Lives of Driven Kids. Robbins writes,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Forget the name-brands, forget the reputations in your area and social circles, and for goodness sake, throw the college rankings in the trash. ’† Getting a job takes your own effort and time, not solely on getting a degree from a â€Å"super-ranked college†. â€Å"My parents expect me to get into the UC’s only and not any State schools or City Colleges,† replies Anonymous 5, yet another student worried about their future paths.To be honest, it really is up to the student to choose which college he or she wants to go to and not the parent deciding which college for them. True, any parents can expect their child to do well in school and life, but even that can lead to too much of a burden upon their child. It must be taken into account that not all students enjoy studying for school or even actually going to school. After all, everyone is different, but that is not really taken into account when it comes to schooling or work.As in many cases, there are good and bad sides to expectations from parents. In some cases, it can be harmful or stressful for the student and sometimes he lpful. â€Å"My mom expects a lot out of me and I do find it wearing at times, but I do believe that it helps me work harder in school,† informs Anonymous 2, another student. Sometimes, children with high expectations from parents feel the urge to do well in sports or school to meet their parent’s expectations. Of course, to set yourself high and fail lets you learn from your mistakes and reevaluate your pathway from that.High expectations also means that kids may not be as lazy or lax about doing well in life because setting a goal in life, whether it be made by the parent or child, does help lead the way in the future. Some students have greater confidence for themselves because they know that they can achieve high expectations from their parents as well as goals. In the article, â€Å"Debate: Parental Expectations†, the writer, Lu Shizhen, writes, â€Å"Parental expectations can motivate children to build a strong mind and encourage them to achieve their bes t academic performance.Therefore, there is nothing wrong with parents who pin expectations on the development of their children. However, such parental expectations should be realistic. † Unfortunately, planning to aim high is a good idea, but making realistic goals to achieve is not the easiest thing to do. Also, in some cases, parents might not recognize the successes of their children managing to achieve the expectations that the parents have set, which winds up leaving the child not enjoying to succeed or have major goals. â€Å"I do what my mom expects me to do all the time, but most of the time, my mom gives me even harder things to accomplish,† says Anonymous 3.Not all kids feel like doing every last thing parents throw at them and parents need to learn how to respect that. After all, some parents do not see how their expectations stress their children out more than it actually helps them. Eventually the stress can be too much and might crack in your child droppi ng of many kinds. Parents should not expect their child to live up to every expectation, because everyone has different wants, likes, personalities, hates, etc. Just like in the article, â€Å"Why Can't Johnny Jump Tall Buildings? , the composer Alan Kazdin tells us, â€Å"Just remember, as you go about it, that it's only human for parents to tend to expect that our children can do more than they can really do. Even slight adjustments of your expectations to compensate for that tendency—a little more emphasis on shaping, a little more patience, a little reflection on what's really important to you as a parent and what behaviors can be left to disappear or develop on their own—can produce surprisingly excellent results. † Parents expect a lot out of their children because they truly want the best from them, but often times it can go too far.Many parents do not want their children to follow their path, especially if their path was filled with difficulty and probl ems that they do not want their children to face, so they want to see them do better and have a life without any of the hardship their parents have faced. However, some parents force their children to do extra work in order for them not to face the problems they had and not everyone likes doing extra work. â€Å"Well, it's true that I want my kids to achieve far in life, but I also know that I probably sometimes do a bit too much†, says Anonymous 5, a mother of 3.After all, parent's expectations come from their care, but even that could be too much for their child. Of course, parents would not mind their kids to get into â€Å"name brand, great reputation colleges†, but that would be up to the child. † I do believe that my parents want me to achieve well in life and all, but they sometimes annoy me to no end. † says Anonymous 6, a student, â€Å"I really hate it when I'm doing something I, myself, want to do, but then my parents yell at me to do something they want me to do. Their Intentions are good, but they need to know about my own feelings when it comes to their expectations. Teenagers have a lot to say about a wide range of topics, but when it comes to their parents it can be endless. After all, the looming threat of college in the typical teenager's life causes anxiety for both the teen and parent. Unfortunately, that anxiety could lead to a split in the parent and child relationship. â€Å"Sometimes their expectations are too much for me to do. I do one good thing, but they view more of the bad things I do,† says Anonymous 4, another student, â€Å"It's hard to achieve what they want. I understand them, but I wish they understood me more as well.Their expectations affect my life both in a good way and bad way since it makes me work harder, but leads to me getting a lot of stress and frustrations. † After all, do parents truly understand their children's feelings? Perhaps not. Due to the anxiety to see their chil dren get into college and doing well in their life, some parents do not take the teenager's feelings into consideration. â€Å"They do expect me to do well in school, and to achieve my goals, but not to do anything I want,† says Anonymous 5, â€Å"Sure, they want me to do what I really want to pursue and become in life, but at times they can be confusing to me. Of course, not all parents expect so much out of their children, but not to the point where expectations are completely lacking. â€Å"My mom, she doesn't expect me to be perfect, with great grades, 4. 0's, or anything, so we get along fine. I do not find that affects my life that much, although my siblings influence my good grades in school, because I do not want to follow what they did in their lives. Expectations have its ups and downs, but everyone views it differently. â€Å"My mom expects me to get 4. 0's and to get as many E. A's as possible, which I do not find likable.Many times, we argue over the stress of my achieving well and the threat of college, but it usually never ends well. I believe that my life is more stressed and frustrated than before and I am getting tired of it,† says Anonymous 6. In the end, parents definitely need to at least try to see if their children are becoming stressed out trying to pass their expectations. However, are expectations from parents really needed? Truthfully, expectations can help improve the mind set of students and their own expectations of doing well for themselves. A lack of expectations might lead to a drop in schoolwork and an allowance of bad grades.Students with uncaring parents might wind up with themselves having low expectations on grades what they expect in life from their parents. Some students believe that their parent's expectations really are not needed in their already stressed lives. â€Å"Well, I could just put my parent’s voices onto a tape recorder and that would be good enough. I hate how they want me to do all this stuff when I just want to do things I really want to do. I find the expectations unneeded in my life because they just add more stress in my life and annoy me to no end,† states Anonymous 1.This came from a friend who particularly has a bad relationship with his parents. Some students think that their parent's expectations help them, but dislike them at the same time. â€Å"I think that my parent's expectations help me believe that I can do well and it makes me work harder, but sometimes it becomes too much. Because if I do well, my parents expect me to even better and even if I do well in one spot, they look at a bad spot, which is frustrating,† tells Anonymous 4. â€Å"I do think that my parent’s expectations help me make goals in my life, but I hate it.At first, I do think they suck, but I do realize that expectations from my parents are not that bad, it is just that they sometimes expect too much out of me and ticks me off. † says Anonymous 6. Fro m this, parent's expectations do have an impact on their children's lives both negatively and positively. In the end, some students wish to deal with their parent's expectations, but do not know how to do so. In Elizabeth Ryan's, Straight Talk About Parents, she recommends talking to your parents on the â€Å"rules† or â€Å"chores† you have to do and why they bother you.After all, talking aloud with your parents about your problems with their expectations is definitely a start to compromising. She says that if you want to handle these problems, then start by asking yourself: What are the rules in my family? What are the rules do I think are clear to everyone? Which rules do I think are not clear to everyone? What can I do to get the unclear rules to be clearer? Which rules do I think are fair? Which rules do I think are unfair or unnecessary? Which rule am I the most upset about? Think about your parent’s feelings and not just your own, they might only just wan t the best out of you.Try to make your parents listen to your reasons on why they are â€Å"bad† with their expectations. Instead of always disagreeing and arguing, try to find things to agree on instead of nagging each other. Take note of your own feelings as well as your parents because they might just be taking note of your well-being or future. In case you may not feel like talking to your parents, why not talk to a good friend? Friends should always be there for each other, especially in times of hardship. Talk to your friend about your problems and what they think you should do. If not, just let it out.Yes, crying is human nature and a way of releasing emotion instead of bottling it up. If you’re mad you can just punch the stuffing out of your pillow, you just might find that you feel better after beating your anger out. Hopefully, parents might one day learn how to balance their expectations to not be too much or too little. It might take a while because, after all, parenting is quite the balancing act. Anonymous 1. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 2. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 3. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 4. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012.Anonymous 5. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 6. Personal interview. 26 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 7. Personal interview. 26 Jan. 2012. Kazdin, Alan. â€Å"Why Can't Johnny Jump Tall Buildings? † Slate. The Slate Group,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2012. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Percentage of Children in Grades 6-12 Whose Parents Expect Them To Receive a Bachelor's Degree or Higher, 2003 and 2007. † Chart. N. p. : Child Trends DataBank, 2007. Childs Trends DataBank. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. . Ryan, Elizabeth A. Straight Talk About Parents. New York: New York Facts On File, 1989. Print. Schweitzer, Callie. â€Å"Taming the Overachieving Monster. â€Å"Parenting Teens Online. iFOS Publishing and Parenting Teens Network. , Jan. 2008. Web. 27 Jan. 2012. . Shizhen, Lu. â€Å"Debate: Parental Expectations. † China Daily. China Daily,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1995-2012. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. .